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Message de ideal posté le 2004-05-21 14:24:05 (S | E | F | I)
SVP , pouvez-vous m'apporter quelques éclaissement sur l'utilisation de SHALL et de WILL.Je me suis souvent confronté à ce p'tit probléme.
I SHALL , I WILL (quand est-ce que dit-on I SHALL et I WILL)
Merci de votre compréhension !
See you soon


Réponse: re de babyscot59, postée le 2004-05-21 14:57:02 (S | E)
salut,

Shall s'emploie, je pense ,pour une proposition/une invitation:
Shall we go to the cinema et si on allait...

une invitation/empressement:*
We shall leave now: on ferait mieux de partir

ou solemnité language religieux:

You shall not kill

voilà quelques emplois,
Bonne chance


Réponse: re de damiro, postée le 2004-05-21 15:32:47 (S | E)
Shall s'utilise avec la première personne du singulier et du pluriel (ds de rare cas à la 2ep.)et exprime un idée de demande...

Il est également utilisé ds les textes de loi où il exprime l'insistance et ds la bible à la 2e personne => thou shalt (en non shall) not kill = you won't kill= tu ne tueras point.



Les gens ont de plus en plus tendance à le remplacer par will.

ex: shall we go to the cinema?
Si on allait au cinema.

[ETIMOLOGIE: Shall provient du vieil anglais 'sculan qui signifiait devoir et will provinent de 'willan' qui signifiait vouloir]


Réponse: re de damiro, postée le 2004-05-21 15:52:10 (S | E)
Je n'ai par contre pas trouver d'où proviennent 'thou' et 'shalt' je ne trouve pas de dico d'étymologie sur le net...

thx to help me and complete my explaination, see-you

Romu


Réponse: re de gizm0, postée le 2004-05-21 15:56:50 (S | E)
[Archaic or literary]: you (informal); the person being addressed.
Thou is the old second person singular pronoun of the English language. Thou is the nominative case; the oblique or accusative is thee, and the genitive is thy or thine. Thou is primarily unused in modern English apart from in some of the regional dialects of England and in some religious contexts. Otherwise, its contemporary use is a certain sign of deliberate archaism.


Etymology:
from the Anglo-Saxon thu; akin to the German du.
Thou represents the expected outcome of Old English þú, which, with expected Germanic lengthening of the vowel in an open syllable, represents Indo-European *tu. Thou is therefore cognate with Latin, French, and Spanish tu. A cognate form of the pronoun exists in almost every other Indo-European language.

Usage
Thou has a set of verb forms that should accompany it if you wish to use it without solecism. These verb forms are generally characterised by the endings -st or -est. They are used in both the present tense and the preterite forms. These are used on both strong and weak verbs.

Strong verbs:
thou knowest
thou knew(e)st
thou drivest
thou drovest

Weak verbs:
thou makest
thou madest
thou lovest
thou loved(e)st

The forms used with the irregular verb to be are thou art and thou wast; with the irregular verb to have, thou hast and thou hadst; with the irregular verb do, thou dost, thou didst; with the irregular verb shall, thou shalt; and with will, thou wilt.

The endings in -(e)st are omitted as usual in the subjunctive and imperative moods, except that thou wert is used in the past tense of the subjunctive:


If thou be Johan, I tell it thee, right with a good advice. . .;
Be Thou my vision, O Lord of my heart. . .
I do wish thou wert a dog, that I might love thee something. . .
Some later authors use thou be'st or thou best as a subjunctive:


If thou be'st born to strange sights. . . (John Collier);
If thou best a miller. . . thou art doubly a thief. (Sir Walter Scott)
This is not the way it was originally done in Middle English. Some later authors also use thou thinketh and similar forms with the old third person singular ending in -eth with thou. This is a mistake, and usually crops up in writing using thou in later parody.

Thee corresponds with the oblique or accusative form me in the first person, and is used as they are: as a direct or indirect object. Thy and thine correspond with my and mine. In the deliberately archaic style in which you might want to use thine, remember that the forms with /n/ are used before any word beginning with a vowel sound: thine eyes.

In modern regional English dialects that use 'thou' or some variant, it generally takes the third person form of the verb. This comes from a merging of Early Modern English 2nd person singular ending'-st' and 3rd person singular ending '-th' into '-s'.


History
Before the Norman Conquest, thou was governed by a fairly simple rule. It did not differ in usage from ye/you; thou addressed a single person, ye more than one.

From French, English acquired the habit of addressing kings and other aristocrats in the plural. Eventually, this was generalised, as in French, to address any social superior or stranger with a plural pronoun, which was felt to be more polite. In French, it came to pass that tu was intimate, condescending, and to a stranger potentially insulting, while the plural form vous was reserved and formal. In languages that use pronouns this way, it is called the T-V distinction.

Something of this did appear in English. At the trial of Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Edward Coke, prosecuting for the Crown, reportedly sought to insult Raleigh by saying,


I thou thee, thou traitor!
here using thou as a verb meaning "to call thou." However, the practice never took root in English the way it did in French.

William Tyndale, seeking to preserve the singular and plural distinctions he found in his Hebrew and Greek originals, consistently used thou for the singular and ye for the plural regardless of the relative status of speaker and listener. By doing so, he probably saved thou from utter obscurity, and gave it an air of solemnity that sharply distinguished it from its French counterpart. Tyndale's usage was imitated in the King James Bible, and remained familiar because of that translation.

William Shakespeare occasionally seems to use thou in the intimate, French style sense, but he is by no means consistent in using the word that way, and friends and lovers call each other ye or you as often as they call each other thou. In Henry IV, Shakespeare has Falstaff mix up the two forms speaking to Prince Henry, the heir apparent and Falstaff's commanding officer, in the same lines of dialogue. It might be said here that the Prince combined the roles of prince and drinking companion:


PRINCE: Thou art so fat-witted with drinking of old sack, and unbuttoning thee after supper, and sleeping upon benches after noon, that thou hast forgotten to demand that truly which thou wouldest truly know. What a devil hast thou to do with the time of the day? …

FALSTAFF: Indeed, you come near me now, Hal … And, I prithee, sweet wag, when thou art a king, as God save thy Grace – Majesty, I should say; for grace thou wilt have none -–
Thou had almost gone out of usage entirely in most English dialects by the year 1650. Its use in the Bible and in classical literature like Shakespeare gave thou an air of formality and solemnity. This usage has entirely dispelled any air of informal familiarity that might have hung around thou; it is used in solemn ritual occasions, in readings from the King James Bible, in Shakespeare, and in starchily formal literary compositions that seek to evoke the solemn emotions called forth by these antecedents. Since becoming obsolete in spoken English, it has nevertheless been used by more recent writers to address exalted beings such as God [1], a skylark [2], Achilles [3], and even The Mighty Thor [4]. These recent uses of the pronoun suggest something far removed from intimate familiarity or condescension. The Revised Standard Version of the Bible, which first appeared in 1946, retained the pronoun thou exclusively to address God, using you in other places; the New Revised Standard Version (1989) omits thou entirely.

Quakers formerly used thee as an ordinary pronoun; the stereotype has them saying thee for both nominative and accusative cases. This was started by George Fox at the beginning of the Quaker movement as an attempt to preserve the egalitarian familiarity associated with the pronoun; it was not heard that way, and seemed instead to be an affected attempt at speaking like the King James Bible. Most Quakers have abandoned this usage. The dropping of the subjective case thou has also extended to their usage of the ye, the subjective 2nd person plural pronoun, which is a hypothesis of why 'you' is missing its subjective case.

More recently, the philosopher Martin Buber has been translated into English as using the words I and Thou to describe our ideal familiar relationship with the Deity. Because in English thou is actually more reserved and formal in actual practice, the translation does not convey the intended meaning well.

In Modern English in some parts of northern England, 'tha' is still used as a familiar pronoun in everyday speech.


Réponse: re de damiro, postée le 2004-05-21 16:13:42 (S | E)
Wonderful, really wonderful Gizm0, this explanation is very comprehensive!!!!

See-you

Romu


Réponse: re de gizm0, postée le 2004-05-21 16:21:17 (S | E)
a bit long but.... complete
I'm going to look for "shalt"


Réponse: re de chrisg, postée le 2004-05-22 08:01:18 (S | E)
pleeeeeeeeeeeeeease gizmo, not a long explanation on !!!! )))




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